The Past Perfect Tense

7. The Past Perfect Tense
 

       The Past Perfect Tense terbentuk dari kata bantu had dan kata kerja ketiga (past participle). Pembuatan kalimat negatifnya (= menyangkal) dengan menambahkan not (had not = hadn’t), sedangkan interogatif (=bertanya) dengan menempatkan had di depan subyek.                 
              Dalam tenses ini, kejadiannya sudah sempurna dilakukan atau sudah sempurna terjadi di waktu lampau, sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu lampau juga. Kalimat yang digarisbawahi di atas, yang berbentuk simple past atau past continuous merupakan penambah informasi kapan dilakukan atau terjadinya isi kalimat Past Perfect. Dengan demikian, The Past Perfect Tense tidak bisa berdiri sendiri begitu saja.

Pola Kalimat dengan linking verbs (be):  

(+) S + had + V3 + O/Adv. 
(-)  S + had + not + V3 + O/Adv. 
(?) Had + S + V3 + O/Adv. 


Fungsi dan Contoh:  

i. menyatakan bahwa sesuatu sudah sempurna terjadi sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi pada waktu lampau.
 

• When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home.
• When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat.
• George didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because he had seen the film twice.
• The lecture did not begin until every one had arrived.
• It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn’t flown before.
• I left as soon as the meeting had ended.
• When she got there, everyone had gone home. 

ii. menyatakan terjadinya sesuatu dalam kurun waktu tertentu dan sudah terlaksana.
 

• He had been in the army for twenty years.
• Tom was then 23. His father had died five years before.
• Bill was in uniform when I met him. He had been a soldier for ten years (since seventeen), and planned to stay in trhe army till he was thirty.
• Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years (ever since she was born, and had no wish to move to a tower block.
• The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years (since before the church was built), suddenly crashed to the ground.
• Peter, who had waited for an hour (since ten o’clock), was very angry with his sister when she eventually turned up.
• He had served in the army for ten years; then he had retired and married. His children were now at school.

iii. menggantikan The Present Perfect Tense atau The Simple Past Tense ketika terjadi perubahan kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung.

• The lecture said, “I have studied the problem for years.“
• The lecture said that he had studied the problem for years.
• “I haven’t seen Bill for a while, “Charlie said. Charlie said that he hadn’t seen Bill for a while.
• “Tom had an accident last week but he wasn’t injured,” Charlie said.
• Charlie said that Tom had had an accident last week but he hadn’t been ijured.
• You’ve overcooked the steak again, Mary,‘ he said.
• He told Mary that she had overcooked the steak again.

iv. Menyatakan keinginan yang tak tercapai atau keadaan yang bertentangan dengan fakta karena sesuatu di masa lampau berbeda. Fungsi ke-4 ini tidak menekankan pada bentuk kalimat   pengandaiannya (conditional sentence), tetapi pada pemakaian tenses ini sendiri.
 

• If only you had told me. (= but you didn’t tell me.)
• I wish you had come with us.
• If Cleon had know the facts, he would have told you.
• If Mr. Sutejo had studied hard, he would have passed his examinations.
• Had I seen you, would have said hello..   

EXERCISES  

I. Choose A, B, C, D, or E as the best answer by crossing (X) it. (Pililah A, B, C, D, atau E jawaban yang paling benar dengan memberi tanda silang.)     

1.  Oscar … already left when you arrived.         
A. he                  B. just    C. had            D. was         E. for        

2. The landlord … just rented the apartment when I got there.         
A. almost    B. have          C. has to            D. had           E. for                        

3. … They rented it before you called. ?         
A. how              B. who      C. did              D. had          E. for            

4. Rani … not gone to sleep when the television was on.         
A. had        B. has         C. have             D. has to             E. is                  

5. … had lived here when the world war began.         
A. A book          B. They          C. bring            D. will       E. had        

6. She hadn’t … anything to me since she came here.         
A. spoke    B. spoken    C. speak    D. speaks   E. speaking       

7. Rio … just …. Home when you left yesterday.         
A. has-go           C. had-brought            E. had-came         
B. had-gone      D. has-looked for            

8. You … better than me before I told you the story.         
A. had know     B. had knew   C. know    D. knows    E. are knowing        

9. There was nobody at school when you were there. Everybody … out of it      already.         
A. goes    B. go    C. had gone    D. has gone    E. to go             

10. Jack and brown arrived at the railway station late. The rain …            already …           
A. had-leaved        C. was-arrived       E. had-left             
B. is-leaving           D. had-arrived          

11. The Surya family had watched television … four and a half hours.           
A. in            B. had          C. since          D. for                E. with     

12. I graduated my university well in 1991.my father had expected it …           
A. three years ago           C. yesterday        E. tomorrow           
B. three years before      D. now       

13. We hadn’t woken up … when you knocked on the door.           
A. just                B. already         C. yet           D. for            E. before            

14. Had Rini studied her lessons when her friend Eti visited her?           
A. Yes, she does.    C. Yes, she had.    E. Yes, she hadn’t           
B. No, she didn’t.     D. No, he had.      

15. The correct negative form of the past perfect tense is … .           
A. tom didn’t go home last night while it was happening           
B. she doesn’t know him because she always stays at home           
C. I am not listening to the radio right now           
D. the show didn’t go on until the crowd hadn’t thrown anything one another            
E. We haven’t made a cake yet since last month     

16. The negative form of the Past Perfect Tense is …  .           
A. The snake didn’t bitten people when they came closer to it.           
B. The snake had not bitten people when they come closer to it.           
C. The snake had not bitten people when they came closer to it.           
D. The snake had not bit people when they came closer to it.           
E. The people had not bite the snake when they came closer to it.     

17. The interrogative form of the Past Perfect Tense is …           
A. Have you arrived there since I wanted to go?           
B. Had you arrived there when I was on my way?           
C. Did you arrived there yesterday morning?           
D. Do you arrive on time?           
E. Have you arrived there since 7 o’clock?       

18. The correct interrogative form of the Past Perfect Tense is …           
A. Had she already arranged to had done anything else when I invited her to dinner last night?        
B. Had she already arrange to do anything else when I invited her to dinner last night?           
C. Had she already arrange to do anything else when I invite her to dinner last night?           
D. Had she already arranged to go anything else while I invited her to dinner last night?           
E. Had she already arranged to do anything else when I invited her to dinner last night?     

19. I wanted to be an actor, but I didn’t go to IKJ. If I … to IKJ, I would have been a movie star.           
A. had gone      B. have gone      C. went    D. go    E. am going     

20. People know that she was poor two years ago. Does she wish she … rich two years ago?           
A. is        B. was        C. had been        D. were      E. be  


II. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. You went back to your home town after many years and you found that many things were different. (Lengkapi kalimat-kalimat berikut dengan menggunakan kata kerja dalam kurung. Kamu pulang kampung setelah beberapa tahun dan sadar bahwa banyak yang telah berubah.)
 
       Example:                         

Most of my friends were no longer there.  They had left ( leave ).     

1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He … (go) away.     

2. The local cinema was no longer open. It … (close) down.     

3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He … (die).     

4. I didn’t recognise Mrs. Johnson. She … (change) a lot.     

5. Bill no longer had his car. He … (sell) it.    


III. Change the sentence below into the Past Perfect Tense and add  your answer with … when Dea was born. (Rubahlah kalimat-kalimat  di bawah ini menjadi The Past Perfect Tense dan tambahkan jawaban Anda dengan … when Dea was born )     

1. Patrick is there.         ………………………………………….     

2. Nurses look after patients in hospitals.         ………………………………………….     

3. The doorbell is ringing.         ………………………………………….     

4. People are waiting for the Living English Tenses.         ………………………………………….     

5. We didn’t know the train accident.         ………………………………………….     

6. When did you meet him?         ………………………………………….     

7. I’ve heard John married to Jane.         ………………………………………….     

8. His father has already finished the publication.         ………………………………………….     

9. Donny and Derry weren’t enjoying the programs on TV.         ………………………………………….     
10. I have been waiting for Didi since ten.            ………………………………………….  

          

This is the end of The Past Perfect Tense tutorial. Good luck.